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The Chand dynasty was a kingdom that ruled the Kumaon division area in present-day Uttarakhand state of India, after the decline of the Katyuri kingdom. At times, their rule also extended to the western parts of present-day Nepal. Somchand established the dynasty, establishing his capital at Rajbunga in present-day Champawat.
The traditional genealogical lists of the Chand dynasty date their founder's ascension to as early as the 7th century, but historical evidence suggests that the Chand rule began only in the early 11th century. Their rule ended in 1790, when Bahadur Shah of Nepal invaded the region, forcing the last king - Mahendra Chand - to flee.
By the first quarter of the thirteenth century, the Chand kings appear to have been ruling in Kumaon as feudatories. For example, the 1223 CE Baleshwar Temple inscription of Khasa Kingdom, a conqueror from present-day Nepal, lists his ten counsellors and feudatories. The names of three of these men suggest that they may have belonged to the Chand family: Chandra Deva, Vinaya Chand and Vidya Chand. Vina Chand, whom the three principal genealogical lists name as the 8th Chand king, was probably same as Vinaya Chand of the inscription.
The tradition states that Som Chand was an immigrant from Jhusi, a relative of the king of Kannauj, and a contemporary of the last Katyuri king Brahma Deva. Based on this, historian Krishna Pal Singh theorizes that Som Chand may have migrated to Kumaon amid the political upheaval resulting from the Ghaznavid invasion of the Kannauj kingdom during 1018-1019 CE. Singh, therefore, dates the beginning of the Chand rule to 1019-1021 CE. This dates aligns with Katyuri chronology and with the placement of the eighth Chand king Vina (Vinaya) Chand in 1223 CE.
In 1581, the Chand King, Rudra Chand (1565–1597), son of Raja Kalyan Chand seized Sira defeating Raika king Hari Malla and attacked the Garhwal Kingdom for the first time, though this attack was repulsed by then king, Dularam Sah, Garhwal history www.garhwalhimalayas.com. and so were his subsequent attacks. Rudra Chand was a contemporary of Akbar, and even paid him a visit in Lahore in 1587, as a mark of his obeisance. Akbarnama mentions him as "one of the great landlords of India", and further talks about his initial hesitation in approaching the court of Akbar, it was only Raja Todar Mal himself, sent his son Kalyan Das to assure him, did his proceed to meet Akbar. Subsequently, the two met and agreed on a concord, Rudra Akbarnama of Abu Fazl, Volume 3, chpt. 196.p807, "On 9 Āẓar he received the felcity..."1588 and thus Ain-e-Akbari, written during period of Akbar, also mentions the Sarkar of Kumaon, containing 21 Mahals (a geographical unit of the times) and the revenue collected. Sarkár of Kumáon Ain-e-Akbari Vol II, pp. 289.
After death of Rudra Chand in 1597, his son, Lakshmi Chand, also continued attacks of Garhwal for many years, though he too was repulsed. He also constructed the 'Bagnath Temple' at Bageshwar in 1602.
In 1672, Baz Bahadur started a poll tax, and its revenue was sent to Delhi as a tribute. Baz Bahadur also built the Golu Devata Temple, at Ghorakhal, near Bhimtal, History of Nainital District The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909, v. 18, p. 324-325. after Lord Golu, a general in his army, who died valiantly at war. Chitai Temple He also built the Bhimeshwara Mahadev Temple at Bhimtal. Bhimtal British Library.
Towards the end of 17th century, Chand Rajas again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688 Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwer and Parbateshwer, to mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti. The Pabateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple. Almora Temples www.uttaranchal.org. Later, Jagat Chand (1708–20), defeated the Raja of Garhwal and pushed him away from Srinagar, and his kingdom was given to a Brahmin. History of Garhwal District The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909, v. 12, p. 165-166. However, a subsequent king of Garhwal, Pradip Shah (1717–72), regained control over Garhwal and retained Doon till 1757, when Rohilla leader Najib-ul-Daula established himself there, though he was ousted soon by Pradip Shah.
The Chand kings also defeated the Rajbar of Askot, though the latter were allowed to hold their land on the payment of a tribute. Askot The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909, v. 6, p. 14.
The hill station of Binsar, 30 km from Almora was a summer retreat of the Chand kings. Almora Almora city official website.
In the coming years, Jagat Chand's successor, Debi Chand (1720-6) took part in the wars of of Rohilkhand, and was defeated by the British troops.
This peace didn't last long as after just three months, unhappy over his lieutenants, Ali Mohammed Khan attacked again, though this time, he was stopped right at the entrance to the hills, at Barakheri, and defeated; and he made no further attempts to conquer the Kumaon kingdom, nor did the Muslim rulers of Delhi, and this remained the first and the last attack by Muslim rulers on the region. Reconciliation subsequently came into effected; troops from the hills, under Dip Chand, fought side by side with the Rohillas at Third Battle of Panipat in 1761.
In 1760, he renamed the old Parbateshwer temple as Dipchandeshwar temple.
During British rule, then divisional commissioner of Kumaon, George William Trail, got the statue of the Nanda Devi, which had been relocated to the Udyot Chandeshwar temple, from the 'Malla Mahal' (Upper Court) of Chand kings, where the present collectorate exists, and in time, the temple started being called the 'Nanda Devi temple'. The 'Talla Mahal' (Lower Court) of Chand rulers now houses the District Hospital.. Devi Temple Nanda Devi Temple website of Almora city.
Due to internal strife, in the coming thirty years the kings lost most of the land they had previously ruled in the plains, and retained only the Bhabar region.
In early 1790, the Gurkhas invaded the Kumaon hills and Almora, they advanced by crossing River Kali, through Gangoli; and the Chands, under the titular Chand Raja, were driven to the Bhabhar and finally expelled.
The Terai and Kashipur were ceded to the United Kingdom by the Nawab of Awadh in 1801, along with the rest of Rohilkhand.
Nepalese rule lasted for Cruel Gurkha Regime www.uttaranchal.org. twenty-four years. The end came because of their repeated intrusion into British territories in the Terai from 1800 onwards. Lord Moira, the Governor-General of India, decided to attack Almora in December 1814, marking the beginning of the Anglo-Nepalese War. After the war, the old Lal Mandi fort, near Almora (present cantonment), was renamed ‘Fort Moira’. Almora British Library.
Harak Deo Joshi, the minister of the last Chand Raja, took the side of the British, a force of 4500 men marched from Kashipur in February, 1815. Champawat was first taken in March from Pilibhit, through the Kali River. Within two months, a strong British army under Colonel Nichols attacked and captured Almora, on 26 April 1815. History of Almora District The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1909, v. 5, p. 245-246. A truce was called the same day, and with the ratification of Sugauli Treaty on 4 March 1816, Kumaon and Garhwal became a part of the British Raj.
The Kings used titles such as Sri Raja, Sri Rajadhiraj or Rajadhiraja Maharaj and sometimes Maharajadhiraj Sri Raja etc. and name ended with Deo . This Deo was used by Katyuris as well.
| Som Chand | 700–721 | |
| Atm Chand | 721–740 | |
| Purn Chand | 740–758 | |
| Indra Chand | 758–778 | Opened Silk Factories |
| Sansar Chand | 778–813 | |
| Sudha Chand | 813–833 | |
| Hamir Chand | 833–856 | |
| Vina Chand | 856–869 | Lost to Khas Kings |
| Vir Chand | 1065–1080 | |
| Rup Chand | 1080–1093 | |
| Laxmi Chand | 1093–1113 | |
| Dharm Chand | 1113–1121 | |
| Karm Chand | 1121–1140 | |
| Ballal Chand | 1140–1149 | |
| Nami Chand | 1149–1170 | |
| Nar Chand | 1170–1177 | |
| Nanaki Chand | 1177–1195 | |
| Ram Chand | 1195–1205 | |
| Bhishm Chand | 1205–1226 | |
| Megh Chand | 1226–1233 | |
| Dhyan Chand | 1233–1251 | |
| Parvat Chand | 1251–1261 | |
| Thor Chand | 1261–1275 | |
| Kalyan Chand II | 1275–1296 | |
| Trilok Chand | 1296–1303 | Conquered Chhakhata Built a fort at Bhimtal |
| Damaru Chand | 1303–1321 | |
| Dharm Chand | 1321–1344 | Defeated One Lakh Army of Delhi Sultan Muhammad Bin Tughluq under Khusrau Malik in his Qarachil Expedition |
| Abhay Chand | 1344–1374 | |
| Garur Gyan Chand | 1374–1419 | Established authority over Bhabar and Terai; later lost them to nawab of Sambhal, Recaptured it by defeating Turkish Nawab of Sambhal under General Nilu Kathait |
| Harihar Chand | 1419–1420 | |
| Udyan Chand | 1420–1421 | built Baleshwar Temple at Champawat Captured Chaugarkha |
| Atma Chand II | 1421–1422 | |
| Hari Chand II | 1422–1423 | |
| Vikram Chand | 1423–1437 | Completed Baleshwar Temple |
| Bharati Chand | 1437–1450 | Defeated Doti |
| Ratna Chand | 1450–1488 | Defeated Bams of Pithoragarh, defeated Doti again |
| Kirti Chand | 1488–1503 | annexed Almora district, Dwarahat and Faldakot, Conquered Garhwal Kingdom by defeating Ajaypal and made it vassal state of Kumaon |
| Pratap Chand | 1503–1517 | |
| Tara Chand | 1517–1533 | |
| Manik Chand | 1533–1542 | |
| Kalyan Chand III | 1542–1551 | |
| Purna Chand | 1551–1555 | |
| Bhishm Chand | 1555–1560 | laid foundation stone of Almora lost Almora district to Khas Sardar Gajuwathinga |
| Balo Kalyan Chand | 1560–1568 | recaptured Almora district moved capital to Alamnagar and renamed it Almora Annexed Mankot and Danpur |
| Rudra Chand | 1568–1597 | Successfully defended Terai from nawab of Shahjahanpur founded the city of Rudrapur Annexed Didihat- Battle of Basantpur |
| Laxmi Chand | 1597–1621 | built Laxmeswar and Bagnath Temple at Almora and Bageshwar respectively |
| Dilip Chand | 1621–1624 | |
| Vijay Chand | 1624–1625 | |
| Trimal Chand | 1625–1638 | |
| Baz Bahadur Chand | 1638–1678 | Captured Dehradun and Hindu Pilgrimage Kailash Mansarovar defeated Garhwal Kingdom and Tibet, has his kingdom from ton river till karnali |
| Udyot Chand | 1678–1698 | Defeated combined armies of Garhwal Kingdom and Doti Kumaon invasion of Garhwal (1678) Kumaon invasion of Chandpur garh (1679) |
| Gyan Chand | 1698–1708 | Defeated Garhwal Kingdom and expelled fateh shah from Srinagar |
| Jagat Chand | 1708–1720 | Invaded Garhwal Kingdom and captured its capital Srinagar, defeated army of Garhwal Kingdom |
| Devi Chand | 1720–1726 | Made Afghani Daud Khan General of Kumaon Kingdom, looted Moradabad, Mughal Empire and captured villages of Mughals |
| Ajit Chand | 1726–1729 | |
| Kalyan Chand V | 1729–1747 | Defeated |
| Deep Chand | 1747–1777 | Defeated Garhwal Kingdom King Pradip Shah left him embarrassed; joined with the Afghans and Rohillas and against the Marathas in the Third battle of Panipat. |
| Mohan Chand | 1777–1779 | Defeated by King Lalit Shah of Garhwal Kingdom due to treason of Joshis |
| Pradyumn Chand | 1779–1786 | Son of king Lalit Shah of Garhwal Kingdom |
| Mohan Chand | 1786–1788 | Overthrew Pradyumn Shah; Became king for second time |
| Shiv Chand | 1788 | |
| Mahendra Chand | 1788–1790 | Defeated by Gorkha Kingdom |
Panchpurviya
Five Clans namely: Deopa(Village Roba, Garkha Paspa), Serari (Village Sangor, Sorari Talli Malli), Puruchuda (Village Rundakot, Garkha Puruchudi), Chiral (Village Chhawati Chiral) and Paderu (Garkha Paderu) were known as Panch-purviyas. They were introduced in Doti and settled in Kumaon by King Ratan Chand (1450–1488) after granting them jagirs. These Five kind of Rajputs were relatives of the Chand kings and had matrimonial relations amongst each other. They are considered to be subcastes/clans of the Chands . After some time the Chiral family went back to Doti but other clans stayed.
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